The Theory Of Moral Development - 1905 Words

The theory on Moral Development is credited to none other than Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg was a twentieth century psychologist dedicated his studies to research in moral development and reasoning, especially on young people (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). His theory was highly influenced by well-known swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget’s, stages of cognitive development (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Jean Piaget’s theory contained four stages of cognitive development (Hart). Kohlberg’s theory is actually six stages and could be considered an expansion of these Piaget’s four stages (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38.) He placed people in these stages based on how they react to moral dilemmas (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Kohlberg’s theory was less†¦show more content†¦39). Piaget’s theory only extended through â€Å"adulthood,† suggesting that development and growth ends at some point (Hart). Kohlberg’s stages suggest that developme nt continues on all throughout an individual’s life (Absolute Astronomy, pg 39). One Kohlberg’s most important ideas is that correct moral reasoning will lead to ethical behavior (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). For this reason, Kohlberg focused his studies on why people make certain decisions rather than the actual decisions (Hart). By giving people dilemmas and having them determine what decision they would make in that dilemma and why they would make that decision, allowed him to place people into one of his six stages of development (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). As just mentioned, Kohlberg’s theory contains six stages of development (Hart). More specifically, there are three levels that contain six stages altogether (Hart). Level one is known as Pre-Conventional (Hart). Level two is Conventional, and level three is Post-Conventional (Hart). There are two stages in each level (Hart). Stage one and two are in the Pre-Conventional level (Hart). Stage one is all about â€Å"obedience and punishment orientation† (Hart). An individual in stage one mainly focuses on how they can avoid punishment (Hart). For example, a child may make the decision not to hit another child just so they won’t have to sit in timeoutShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Moral Development Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of moral development was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg and is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning. this theory helped us to develop the understanding that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. This theory encompasses the ideas that moral reasoning, which is considered the basis for moral behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages. According to Kohlberg the six stagesRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development2195 Words   |  9 PagesPA RT ONE Introduction: Moral development is the growth through which children evolve proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, depend on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws. It focuses on the development, change and understanding of morality from infancy to adulthood. In the field of moral development, Molarity defined as the foundation of how individuals committed to treat one another with respect and justice. In other words, it is the evolution of understandingRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development2106 Words   |  9 PagesLawrence Kohlberg developed the theory of moral development. The theory of moral development â€Å"stemmed from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning.† This theory was a study which led to a better understanding of morality. This theory proved that morality started in early childhood years and had many factors which affected the outcome of the child’s perception of morality. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory consisted of 3 levels and which each had 2 stages in them. The first level consists of preconventionalRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are 3-levels of Moral Development, as well as 6-stages within Moral Development. The 3-levels include pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post conventional morality. The 6-stages include obedience and punishment orientation, individualism and exchange, good interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles (McLleod, 2011). This paper will discuss all 3-levels of moral development and where my ethical reasoningRead MoreKohlberg : Theory Of Moral Development997 Words   |  4 PagesLawrence Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was a well known psychologist best known for his thorough research into the development and better understanding of the processes needed to grow into a well developed human being. Kohlberg grew up in New York City on October 25, 1927. Growing up in such a diverse area is what struck his interest in the development of all beings. In only one short year he received his bachelors degree and then went on to devote his career to study theRead MoreKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development1236 Words   |  5 PagesKohlbergs theory of moral development proposes a series of three levels, divided into two stages each, that characterize the moral reasoning of human beings. Kohlbergs theory represented an important contribution to the psychological study of moral reasoning and its effect on behavior, but it contains a number of flaws and problematic assumptions. In particular, Carol Gilligan argues that Kohlbergs theory contains an inherently masculine bias, and that its view of justice as a universal ethicalRead MoreThe s Theory Of Moral Development880 Words   |  4 Pagesout openly against the injustices of the church. Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development states that, moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor. Kohlberg s principle concern was justice, or an Ethic of Rights, that would lead persons on a path to truth. Using his model, one can trace Catherine s moral development from her adolescence through her later life. In the beginningRead MoreFour Moral Development Theories1825 Words   |  8 PagesFOUR MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Describe Jean Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Jean Piaget is best known for his stage theory on moral development of children which occurs in two distinct stages from heteronomous to autonomous and three sub stages premoral (0 to 5 years), moral realism ( 5 to 10 years), and moral relativism (after age 10). In premoral development, children do not think about right or wrong. In the moral realism phase, children understand right and wrong. Lastly, in moral relativismRead MoreThe s Theory Of Moral Development897 Words   |  4 Pagesboth the attitudes and roles of men and women. She points to Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development as an instance that provides an understanding of both males and females. Gilligan found that men are more rational when making decisions while women are more emotional (Andersen, 2015). Knowledge of a theory such as Gilligan’s shows how people can collectively undergo oppression if they do not follow what the theory prescribes. Another key point in the text is the vital relations hip among genderRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to foster

Beowulf and Siegfried - 1462 Words

The only similarity between Beowulf and Siegfried is the letter e—that is until you actually start reading the stories. Within the early moments of Beowulf and the Nibelungenlied significant amounts of correlations steadfastly intertwined a web of parallelism between the two heroic characters. Both glory-seeking and nigh invincible warriors from noble origins, the two warriors blasted through adversities in pursuit of their ultimate goals. While both eventually fulfilled their desires, Siegfried’s satisfaction was cut short by an untimely death. Although Beowulf also eventually met his end whilst in combat with a dragon, evidence suggests that this played well into Beowulf’s plans and as such only Siegfried truly met a downfall. The†¦show more content†¦Likewise, upon Beowulf’s arrival at Hrothgar’s hall he was immediately recognized as well. King Hrothgar remarked on Beowulf’s legendary reputation claiming that â€Å"[Beowulf] has thirty men’s heft of grasp in the gripe of his hand, the bold-in-battle.† (325-326) The two men have plenty in common, at least physically: overwhelming strength that is enough to overpower dozens of powerful warriors. Even more than a pure physical resemblance, both Siegfried and Beowulf had reputations that preceded them. Hagen and Hrothgar recounted stories of Siegfried and Beowulf’s conquests respectively, portraying them as valiant knights stopping at nothing to achieve success. Shortly after these initial introductions, the stories of fame begin to accelerate, and numerous similarities continue to appear. Beowulf journeyed to Heorot seeking glory by helping Hrothgar defeat the dreaded Grendel. He pledged his loyalties to Hrothgar and promised to fight off the demon to protect Hrothgar’s people. â€Å"To thy lord and liege in loyal mood we hasten hither, to Healfdene’s son, people-protector: be pleased to advise us!† â€Å"Siegmund’s son yearned to [Kriemhild] with true love. And [Siegfried and his] fearless band [of knights] drew towards Worms on the Rhine†¦ as Siegfried the hero and his following rode into Gunther’s country to the court† Similarly, Siegfried traveled to a foreign land toShow MoreRelatedSiegfried vs Beowulf Essay examples1635 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes, Beowulf and Siegfried, who differ wildly in character and temperament. Siegfried desires to establish and preserve relationships while Beowulf is out for his own glory. Though Siegfried’s modification of the definition ultimately exposes him to betrayal, his inclination to create and sustain relationships aids in solidifying his immortality on earth post-death. At first glance, the two characters presented in Beowulf and The Nibelungenlied share similar qualities of a hero: both Beowulf andRead MoreComparison Of Nibelungenlied Savagery And Good Manners1309 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategical advantage. When Siegfried first ventures to Burgundy, he immediately rushes into kingdom and challenges king Gunther. Instead of participating in war, Gunther decides that appeasing Siegfried and making an ally of him would be significantly more productive than battling him and risk losing the lives of many of his men. Gunther appeases Siegfried by being well-mannered and gracious towards him. Gunther offered â€Å"The best possible quarters†¦for Siegfried’s squires†¦Siegfried was a most welcome guestRead MoreEssay on Heroes of Celtic and Germanic Mythology3702 Words   |  15 Pagesheroes of Beowulf, the Nibelungenlied, and the Tain Bo Cuailnge. Some of the most striking of these parallels are: the noble and divine lineage of the he ro; the hero’s increased endurance and his exceptional combat abilities (including the use of powerful weapons and berserker behavior); the hero’s ability to attain victory against seemingly insurmountable odds or indestructible creatures; and the ritual practices of the taking of heads and the giving of rings. The epic poem Beowulf may be consideredRead MoreBeowulf Monster Vs Hero Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesheroic, does that cancel out their villainy? And vice versa? While Beowulf exhibits a multitude of heroic attributes, his undermining beast like qualities are hard to miss, and essentially pose the question to the reader: What is the relationship between monster and hero, and is there an overlap? The epic Beowulf blurs the lines between what it means to be a hero and villain through the manifestation of an â€Å"evil twin† story between Beowulf and Grendel. Word choice plays a large role in regards to howRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex: The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture2021 Words   |  8 Pagesintentions, dedication and pursuit of noble ideas, the personal cost often becomes so great that tragedy ensues. However, it is just this struggle that causes the tragic hero to appeal to a modern audience. After all, try as we might, we are not all Siegfried, Beowulf, or Achilles. In fact, it is through the flaws that we can often most identify in our own struggle to use these archetypal stories. Certainly, the oedipal myth has formed numerous permutations in culture and psychology that are common termsRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagespoetry The first page of Beowulf The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation; Bede attributes this to Cà ¦dmon (fl. 658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at Whitby.[1] This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic Beowulf range from AD 608 rightRead MoreThe Origin Of The Dragon2970 Words   |  12 Pageshero who has to â€Å"slay† the dragon (Unerman 94). In many works this is by the knight in shining armor or the wizard who must avoid its fiery blast. By the Middle Ages, dragons slaying had become an accepted occupation and saw such heroes like Siegfried, Beowulf, King Arthur, and King Lodbrok of Denmark according to Livo (Livo 567-68). American authors will usually present a dragon as not too intellectual but likeable, thereby giving young readers a sense of superiority over the dragon (Petersen 4)

Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created Free Essays

string(117) " by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation\." Kolb theorized that â€Å" Learning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience † ( 1984 ; 38 ) . Feedback and experience have played an of import function in furthering acquisition, altering patterns and theories every bit good as altering thoughts severally. Different theories of larning have been put frontward, and among them are the grownup larning theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will concentrate on one of the theory named Experiential Learning in add-on to discourse the Kolb and Jarvis Experiential Learning Theory, their restrictions or defects every bit good as to review the strengths and failings of the theory. There are two types of experiential larning viz. the one based on life experience, and that which is based in establishment engagement in development of cognition, accomplishments, thoughts and experience in their application. Furthermore, as motive is really indispensable to the acquisition procedure, hence this paper will besides concentrate on the motive to adult acquisition and the barriers to it, in add-on to the forms of larning adopted by grownup scholars. The Characteristics of Adult Learners Adult scholars need more engagement during the acquisition procedure because they are autonomous while some of the grownup scholars have gone through diverse experiences and have a wealth of cognition, so they need more chances for duologue among pupils to pull out their cognition and experience. Hence, Experiential Learning is of the importance to understanding grownup acquisition because of the features of grownup scholars. The importance of the Kolb David ‘s work and that of his associate Roger Fry, have played a important function in the constitution of the footing to such statements. Of involvement to Kolb were the procedures of doing sense of concrete experiences, which besides involves use of different manners. However, the plants of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin played an of import function in the preparation of Kolb ‘s thoughts. There have been two major elements of experiential acquisition that have been widely discussed. These include the construct that larning occur s through direct engagement of life events ( Houle, 1980 ; 221 ) and the 2nd construct that type of larning experience sponsored by establishments and involves a opportunity to a scholar to â€Å" get and use cognition, accomplishments and feelings in an immediate and relevant environment † ( Smith, 2001 ) . Learners in the first case of larning are non sponsored by any establishment but themselves. For illustration, grounds of application of experiential acquisition has focused on the application of developing plans in societal work and instruction. Persons are able to get cognition after traveling through peculiar events in life, and so reflecting on these experiences. Most of the people or all at least learn through life experiences. The Patterns of Experiential Learning Kolb theorized the forms of experiential acquisition are within a four phase larning rhythm, which includes concrete experience, observation and contemplation, formation of abstract and proving in new state of affairss. There has been a contention over where the procedure of larning Begins. While Kolb and Fry posited that acquisition could get down from anyplace in the above theorized four elements of the learning rhythm, others have posited that larning Begins through a peculiar action and seeing the effects of the action in the state of affairs in which the action was carried out. Therefore, it was possible to larn what would be expected from the action, if it was repeated at those peculiar state of affairss, and this generalizing may let the grouping of similar events that have similar acquisition experiences. However, a scope of fortunes would be involved to calculate out a connexion between the actions and the associated effects. Persons would understand the general rule that un derlies the peculiar case. The above theoretical account focuses on primary experience in experiential acquisition. Current literature has been accused of chiefly concentrating on primary experience in experiential acquisition theory and neglecting secondary experience. Weil and McGill categorized experiential acquisition in four ‘villages ‘ ( 1989 ) . These include the focal point on life and work experience to measure and recognize acquisition, recognizing alteration in constructions through experiential acquisition, focal point on raising group consciousness through experiential acquisition, and personal growing and self-awareness. These four ‘villages ‘ concern primary experience. Linguistic communicating is a channel through which indirect or secondary experience can be attained. Kolb theorized that persons would move in new fortunes to use the general rule and this application of the action was supposed to be within the scope of generalisation. Harmonizing to Kolb, feedback from the experiences would be used to alter patterns and theories whereas thoughts would be tested by concrete experiences gained from clip to clip ( Kolb 1984: 21-22 ) . The importance of feedback in the acquisition procedure is of import to guarantee that acquisition has taken topographic point. Therefore, the theory by Kolb has a nexus with Piaget ‘s cognitive development. Kolb and Fry identified four basic acquisition manners after developing a acquisition manner stock list ( Kolb, 1976 ) . The stock list would categorise people in either concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation, or active experimentation and brooding observation. The acquisition manners formulized by the above theoreticians are converger, diverger, learner and obliger. The converger would transport the features of abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. Convergers would be individuals of narrow involvements, strong to use the thoughts practically, unemotional, and would hold a hypo-deductive logical thinking on specific jobs. The diverger would presume the features of concrete experience and brooding observation, and would be able to hold a strong imaginativeness. In add-on to holding wide cultural involvements, these persons have the ability to see things at different positions, and are interested in people. The learner would be defined by the two features, viz. abstract conceptualisation and brooding observation. The person would execute best in inductive logical thinking in add-on to being interested more in abstract constructs than people. Kolb and Fry besides described these persons as holding a great ability to make theor etical theoretical accounts. The 4th group theorized by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation. You read "Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created" in category "Essay examples" These have been described as persons will be able to intuitively work out jobs, and when required to respond to immediate fortunes, these persons would make good. The persons have besides been termed as hazard takers and have greatest strength in making things. Kolb and Fry in there development of the acquisition manners challenged the construct that larning could be reduced to one dimension such as intelligence. Barriers/ Motivation to Experiential Learning There are several barriers that will impact the execution of experiential acquisition, such as scholars ‘ emotion, as it would impact scholar ‘s motive to take part in the activity. Besides, the design of the activity is really of import as scholars are grownups, they are largely result-oriented and hence, the result of the activities is designed to be utile. Furthermore, the skillfulness of the facilitator is the cardinal barriers if the facilitator can non demo the preparedness and the facilitation skills efficaciously. Experiential acquisition is besides affected by factors such as the grownup motive to larning. In fact, larning is non merely a component of experiences but besides motive to larning. Motivation of grownup scholars is an of import facet to accomplishing successful grownup instruction. Motivation of the grownup scholar may be explored in consideration of the features of the grownup scholar. Adult scholars are autonomous and independent and hence the procedures with which larning is to be achieved need to further these rules. In this regard, they are more responsible and need counsel to larn and happen cognition on their ain ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The grownup scholar has gone through and accumulated a batch of experiences and cognition and may necessitate that the acquisition environment and larning procedure accommodate these things. Adults will inscribe for prosecuting faculty members and classs while cognizing clearly what they want, and therefore they need to be guided on what to accompl ish at the terminal of certain classs before they enroll. Adults are likely to prosecute in activities and procedures, which they see relevancy and hence the acquisition procedure must carry through this. They are practical and need to be shown regard. Consideration of the grounds why single grownups engage in the acquisition procedure is of import so as to further motive and acquisition. In order to actuate the grownup scholar, there is a demand to see some factors including demand to suit their cognitive involvements such as easing hunt of cognition on their ain. Adult scholars sometimes need to be considered in their quest to achieve relieve of ennui at work and place. The grownup scholar must be shown the connexion of the occupation towards promotion of the ego at the workplace, such as achieve publicity and be able to associate the two. ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiential Learning Experiential acquisition can be utilized to planning of grownup acquisition and the rating of the same. Although the theoretical account has been applauded in the of import function it plays in the planning of larning activities and assisting to look into that scholars are engaged, there has been unfavorable judgment of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account of larning with the feeling that it does non further the thought of contemplation in acquisition. For illustration, I have joined a Team Building Training Workshop held by my workplace before. I found that I could larn what I have experienced during the preparation, as there were many activities and games that could prosecute me. However, I could non associate or use what I have learnt, as some of the scenarios are non wholly the same and the transportation of acquisition is lower than my outlook. Besides, cultural barriers such as work forces are non allowed to touch adult females ‘s manus in some of the states, which will impact the acquisition procedure because some of the foreign scholars are non experiencing comfy to make so during the activity. As a consequence, it has been criticized that experiential acquisition does non use to all state of affairss theorized in the theoretical account. Alternatively, there was a possibility for options, such as information assimilation and memorisation. It is known that cultural experiences/ conditions have a topographic point in the acquisition procedure. The Kolb theoretical account does non have or gives a small focal point on cultural experiences/ conditions. The theoretical account does non concentrate on the importance of differences in cognitive and manners of communications that are culturally based. There has been thought that the presentation of the thoughts in the theoretical account is instead excessively orderly and simplistic ( and to extent unreal ) because some procedures may happen one time and phases can be jumped. The grade of integrating of the acquisition manners can non be measured by the acquisition manner stock list because the latter deficiencies that capacity ( Tennant, 1997 ) . In add-on, because a wide and broad research base is of import in researching and proving the theoretical account, the theoretical account is hence limited in its dimensions. While the construct of Kolb can give a linkage between cognition and acquisition, it has been criticized because of limited geographic expedition of cognition. Kolb has merely explored the issue of cognition on a societal psychological science position and does non therefore explore it in deepness. The theory has been criticized for go forthing out the arguments about cognition theorized in the philosophic and societal theory. His conceptualisation of the thought that larning is concerned with bring forthing cognition has been faulted on the consideration of the thought of informed, committed action. A farther apprehension of experiential acquisition may be indicated in the theory generated by Jarvis ( 1987, 1995 ) and theorizes the different responses to the possible acquisition state of affairs. The theory development involved geographic expedition of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account by a figure of grownups who would use their ain experience of acquisition in the analysis. Non-learning, non-reflective acquisition, and some brooding acquisition were the different paths that were possible in the theoretical account theorized by Jarvis. In non-learning, people were able to interact through patterned behaviours. Persons may neglect to react to a state of affairs of possible acquisition and hence neglect to be engaged in the experiential acquisition procedure. In add-on, it was possible to undergo rejection in the procedure and fail to accomplish or progress experiential acquisition. Non-reflective tendencies included the day-to-day brushs of pre-conscious behaviour as everyone is exposed to experiences on a day-to-day footing that he does non believe about. Practice is besides a phase in non-reflective tendency and focal points on geting physical accomplishments and preparation for a manual business. Non-reflective tendency besides is characterized by memorisation. In this theoretical account, brooding acquisition involved contemplation, which entails giving a consideration and doing an rational determination about it. Persons would besides be able to travel thorough reflective acquisition by holding a brooding pattern in and on action. The conceptualisation by Jarvis besides falls short in the consideration of phase wise flow of things, yet it is important to observe that different things may go on together at one time. Decision Theory of grownup acquisition is limited and needs geographic expedition to understand. There are many positions of grownup acquisition in theory, including autonomous acquisition, critical contemplation, experiential acquisition and acquisition to larn hold been neglected in theory geographic expedition. The consideration of grownup acquisition as separate from the normal acquisition theory is incorrect and undeserved. This paper chiefly covered the facets of experiential acquisition, and considers the Kolb and Jarvis theory of experiential acquisition. Experiential larning involves the person acquisition through experiences of existent life state of affairs or the acquisition that is fostered by the establishments. The theory of provides of import constituents on how big acquisition may be good accomplished and planned but has some defects. These include restriction in its coverage of issue of cognition and limited research base for the theory. Kolb ‘s theoretical account of experiential acquisition has besides been criticized for deficiency of consideration of contemplation in acquisition. Both the Kolb ‘s and Jarvis ‘ parts have besides been found to fall short of outlooks in that they involve stage-wise development of procedures of larning yet it would be expected that sometimes more than one procedure happens at the same clip and others are skipped. Though the consideration of the grownup larning procedure as being separate from the normal acquisition procedure has been criticized, it is of import to calculate out ways in which grownup larning differs or the features of the procedure or scholars that make it diverge from the normal known acquisition procedure. In order to further larning procedure by the person, it is of import to see the features of the grownup scholar. The grownup scholar is a autonomous person who has already determined what they want from the class they have enrolled into. Again, they are likely to prosecute into act ivities they see as relevant. Adult scholars have an advanced motivation of larning such as necessitating accomplishing certain makings that will do them be promoted at the workplace, among others, and hence these demands must be understood and incorporated in the acquisition procedure and instruction course of study. Learning procedure does non merely constitute of experiences, but that factors like motive play an of import function in the accomplishment or engagement in larning. Motivation plays an of import function in the acquisition of an grownup. Understanding of the factors that influence motive and its topographic point in acquisition may further grownup instruction. While there are assorted ways through which an grownup scholar may be motivated, other barriers including duties at place, clip bounds among others act as barriers to motive. The best manner to actuate an grownup scholar is to progress the ground for registration into the peculiar class. Experiential acquisition plays an of import function in grownup acquisition. How to cite Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created, Essay examples

Enterprise Resource Planning and Vendor Selection

Question: Discuss about theEnterprise Resource Planning and Vendor Selection. Answer: Introduction This paper examines in details the use of the ERP software and vendor selection process with a focus on the overview of the related processes such as the vendor research, matching of the features to user requirements, making requests for bids, bid evaluation and vendor analysis as well as license agreement and contract management. While applying theoretical life practices, the paper as well evaluates different academic literature in the discussion of these processes and as well provides recommendations that can be adopted in managing the challenges and issues involved in the general process of adopting the software in business. Background Information Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is defined as management software used in business to allow a business or organization to use an integrated application system in the management of the business and automation of different back-office functions concerning services, technology, and human resources. In his study, Peri (2014) denotes that the ERP software is essential in the integration of all the facets of the business operation such as development, product planning, sales activities, product and services marketing, as well as manufacturing. The same study denotes that ERP is enterprise application software that is strategized to be adopted in large business enterprises but often requires essential customization terms in analyzing the data and handling of deployment and upgrades. The application can as well cover a lightweight business management solution that can be customized for a vertical or specific business arena. The modules are as well essential in the standardization of the c ritical business procedures, redundant tasks, lowering of purchase costs, and the management of human resources payrolls among other duties. However, the deployment of the ERP system can at times be a time-consuming and expensive process; it is necessary that a business makes the right choice in deciding on the vendor selection factors that are most vital for the organization. In his study, Sahling (2016) also points out various factors that should be considered in comparing the ERP systems and the vendors that provide them in evaluating if they are good partners for business. For instance, Fulmer and Gerard (2014) denote that it is necessary to evaluate; The organizational change and transformation of the vendor with time Most recent products of the vendor as well as the new products it plans to issue The time the company has taken in the industry The specialized experience of the vendor in the provision of the ERP solutions to businesses of similar type and size The vendors future direction in business Budget requirements and resources Future scalability and underlying technology The functional requirements of the ERP software that the organization needs to monitor Vendor Research, Selection, and Analysis In his study, Bucki (2016) denotes that the research, analysis, and selection of a vendor require the request for information from the vendors. The information provided by the vendors will be essential in the evaluation and examination of viable vendors that can be shortlisted through a request for proposals depending on the business an enterprise is pursuing and the enterprise resource planning adopted. The shortlisted vendors are then given a four-week deadline, a time for response and demonstrations. At this stage,Bucki (2016) denotes that the financial viability of every vendor is examined on the likelihood of being acquired as well as the research and development they devote to the value-add and the must-have requirements of the list. Each vendor is then given a discovery opportunity where they are given a platform to ask questions on what the organization expects on the demos or even invite them to tour the site. In their study, Walter (2016) denotes that vendor selection can be a very emotional and complicated process is not handled carefully using the best approach from the beginning. Every business should hence adopt a relevant process that can help the business to effectively identify prospective and relevant vendors and leading the team in a selection process of the winning vendors while providing insight on the negotiation of contracts while avoiding negotiation mistakes. Once the gathering and prioritization of the project requirements are complete, the project team can send a request for information to the vendors while focusing on 10% of the requirements that are essential or the company (Choudhury2016, p. 56). As a result, the following methods can be adopted in the process; Analysis of the Business Requirements Before starting the data collection process of performing interviews, it is necessary to assemble a group of people with vested interest in the particular vendor selection process. The first task that should be accomplished is the definition in writing the products, services, or materials that you are searching for a vendor. The step is followed by the definition of the technical and the business as well as the vendor requirements. The documents are then published in the areas relevant to the vendor selection process while seeking their input for approval. The team should then have an analysis of the final document creation. Vendor Search With the agreement on the vendor and business requirements in place, the team searches for possible vendors that can effectively deliver high-quality materials, services, and products. Malde (2016) denotes that a large scope of vendor process requires a high number of vendors on the table since not every vendor will match the minimum requirements hence giving the team the opportunity of seeking more information from the most qualified. A Request for Information (RFI) is then drafted and submitted to the vendors shortlisted. Their responses are then evaluated while selecting a small number that will be shortlisted for the next stage. Request for Proposal and Quotation The requirements for the business are defined while having the list of selected vendors that should be evaluated. Request for quotation and request for proposals and then written containing information on the detailsof submission, the introduction, the executive summary, business background, and overview, constraints and assumptions, detailed specifications, terms, and conditions, as well as the selection criteria. Proposal Evaluation and Bid Selection This phase is mainly focused towards minimizing human emotion as well as the political positioning so as to make a decision that best matches the interest of the company (Choudhury2016, p. 345). The process requires a thorough investigation while seeking input from all the stakeholders and using a specific methodological procedure in a unified selection decision of the vendors. It hence involves the preliminary review of all the vendor proposals, recording business requirement and vendor requirements, assigning the value of importance for every requirement, assigning performance value for every requirement, calculation of a total performance score, and selecting the winning vendor. Contract Negotiation and Licensing Agreement Strategies It is the last stage of vendor selection process involving the adoption of agreed-upon contract negotiation strategy. It hence requires the selection team to review the objectives of the contract negotiation as well as the possible legal requirements that may be necessary for the process of adopting the ERP Software in the process. The negotiation plan should hence cover a list of the ranked priorities and the possible alternatives, and assessment of the possible risks and liabilities. It as well involves the definition of the time constraints and benchmarks as well as the political liabilities and risks, and evaluation of the legal requirements on the confidentiality, dispute resolution, and non-competency changes in requirements. The business should as well choose the enterprise level the suits it operation. Large enterprise ERP is adopted for larger markets and is globally dominated by three primary companies; the Oracle, Microsoft, and SAP. Mid-market ERP is adopted by midmarket vendors such as Epicor, Sage, IFS, QAD, and Infor among others. The small business ERP such as the Exact Globe, Visibility, Consona, and CDC software are adopted as activant solutions for small business. Recommendations In his study, Sahling (2016) denotes that providing an employee demo training beforehand enables employees to get a clear instruction and expectation not to give any clue about their feeling towards the performance of the software. During the demos, the organization needs to focus on priority areas while bringing the subject matter experts that would be able to express their interest as well as ERP pain points so as to ensure that the requirements are written accordingly. Neves, Fenn, and Sulcas (2014) also assert that it is vital to document all the business issues that arise in the sessions even to the very small ones that can have minimal impacts on the business such dollar limits that will trigger manager sign-offs. Doing so at early stages can help in solving problems that can arise later as a result of the documented information. The organization as well require t set up an interactive process that will help in gathering ERP requirements such as review sessions with all the sta keholders involved. It is also essential to categorize the different requirements into three primary groups, i.e. mandatory, nice to have, and value-add as the categorization will help in phasing the vendor selection implementation according to Altamony et al. (2016, p. 67). For instance, the organization can focus on the mandatory requirements at the beginning to ensure the normal operation is maintained before introducing the value-add items phrase for the process of optimization. Since most of the stakeholders and employees are still learning on the use of the software, it is essential that the optimization process is undertaken in stages. Fulmer and Gerard (2014) also point out that a step-by-step accounting of tasks that are executed both outsides and inside of the ERP system along with the stakeholders responsibility and the time frame. The strategy is essential in uncovering pain points such as the poor visibility into key data that are essential for the strategic management and success of the wh ole vendor selection process. However, the requirements that are related to the ability to automate the workflows or visibility provision into certain sources of data tend to available widely across the brands. Conclusion ERP software often made up of different enterprise software modules that can be individually purchased on the basis of what best suits the technical performance and particular needs of the organization. Every module often focuses on a particular facet of the business process like marketing or development of product among others. Among the denoted modules include inventory control, finance and HR, material purchase, distribution, accounting, and marketing. A business hence typically adopts a combination of different modules in managing tasks and back office activities such as managing the supply chain, distribution processes, configuration, pricing, financial data accuracy improvement, better project planning facilitation, and automating the lifecycle of employees. The modules are as well essential in the standardization of the critical business procedures, redundant tasks, lowering of purchase costs, and the management of human resources payrolls among other duties. However, the depl oyment of the ERP system can at times be a time-consuming and expensive process; it is necessary that a business makes the right choice in deciding on the vendor selection factors that are most vital for the organization. List of References Altamony, H., Tarhini, A., Al-Salti, Z., Gharaibeh, A. 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