The Theory Of Moral Development - 1905 Words

The theory on Moral Development is credited to none other than Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg was a twentieth century psychologist dedicated his studies to research in moral development and reasoning, especially on young people (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). His theory was highly influenced by well-known swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget’s, stages of cognitive development (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Jean Piaget’s theory contained four stages of cognitive development (Hart). Kohlberg’s theory is actually six stages and could be considered an expansion of these Piaget’s four stages (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38.) He placed people in these stages based on how they react to moral dilemmas (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Kohlberg’s theory was less†¦show more content†¦39). Piaget’s theory only extended through â€Å"adulthood,† suggesting that development and growth ends at some point (Hart). Kohlberg’s stages suggest that developme nt continues on all throughout an individual’s life (Absolute Astronomy, pg 39). One Kohlberg’s most important ideas is that correct moral reasoning will lead to ethical behavior (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). For this reason, Kohlberg focused his studies on why people make certain decisions rather than the actual decisions (Hart). By giving people dilemmas and having them determine what decision they would make in that dilemma and why they would make that decision, allowed him to place people into one of his six stages of development (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). As just mentioned, Kohlberg’s theory contains six stages of development (Hart). More specifically, there are three levels that contain six stages altogether (Hart). Level one is known as Pre-Conventional (Hart). Level two is Conventional, and level three is Post-Conventional (Hart). There are two stages in each level (Hart). Stage one and two are in the Pre-Conventional level (Hart). Stage one is all about â€Å"obedience and punishment orientation† (Hart). An individual in stage one mainly focuses on how they can avoid punishment (Hart). For example, a child may make the decision not to hit another child just so they won’t have to sit in timeoutShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Moral Development Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of moral development was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg and is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning. this theory helped us to develop the understanding that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. This theory encompasses the ideas that moral reasoning, which is considered the basis for moral behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages. According to Kohlberg the six stagesRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development2195 Words   |  9 PagesPA RT ONE Introduction: Moral development is the growth through which children evolve proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, depend on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws. It focuses on the development, change and understanding of morality from infancy to adulthood. In the field of moral development, Molarity defined as the foundation of how individuals committed to treat one another with respect and justice. In other words, it is the evolution of understandingRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development2106 Words   |  9 PagesLawrence Kohlberg developed the theory of moral development. The theory of moral development â€Å"stemmed from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning.† This theory was a study which led to a better understanding of morality. This theory proved that morality started in early childhood years and had many factors which affected the outcome of the child’s perception of morality. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory consisted of 3 levels and which each had 2 stages in them. The first level consists of preconventionalRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are 3-levels of Moral Development, as well as 6-stages within Moral Development. The 3-levels include pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post conventional morality. The 6-stages include obedience and punishment orientation, individualism and exchange, good interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles (McLleod, 2011). This paper will discuss all 3-levels of moral development and where my ethical reasoningRead MoreKohlberg : Theory Of Moral Development997 Words   |  4 PagesLawrence Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was a well known psychologist best known for his thorough research into the development and better understanding of the processes needed to grow into a well developed human being. Kohlberg grew up in New York City on October 25, 1927. Growing up in such a diverse area is what struck his interest in the development of all beings. In only one short year he received his bachelors degree and then went on to devote his career to study theRead MoreKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development1236 Words   |  5 PagesKohlbergs theory of moral development proposes a series of three levels, divided into two stages each, that characterize the moral reasoning of human beings. Kohlbergs theory represented an important contribution to the psychological study of moral reasoning and its effect on behavior, but it contains a number of flaws and problematic assumptions. In particular, Carol Gilligan argues that Kohlbergs theory contains an inherently masculine bias, and that its view of justice as a universal ethicalRead MoreThe s Theory Of Moral Development880 Words   |  4 Pagesout openly against the injustices of the church. Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development states that, moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor. Kohlberg s principle concern was justice, or an Ethic of Rights, that would lead persons on a path to truth. Using his model, one can trace Catherine s moral development from her adolescence through her later life. In the beginningRead MoreFour Moral Development Theories1825 Words   |  8 PagesFOUR MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES Describe Jean Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Jean Piaget is best known for his stage theory on moral development of children which occurs in two distinct stages from heteronomous to autonomous and three sub stages premoral (0 to 5 years), moral realism ( 5 to 10 years), and moral relativism (after age 10). In premoral development, children do not think about right or wrong. In the moral realism phase, children understand right and wrong. Lastly, in moral relativismRead MoreThe s Theory Of Moral Development897 Words   |  4 Pagesboth the attitudes and roles of men and women. She points to Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development as an instance that provides an understanding of both males and females. Gilligan found that men are more rational when making decisions while women are more emotional (Andersen, 2015). Knowledge of a theory such as Gilligan’s shows how people can collectively undergo oppression if they do not follow what the theory prescribes. Another key point in the text is the vital relations hip among genderRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to foster

Beowulf and Siegfried - 1462 Words

The only similarity between Beowulf and Siegfried is the letter e—that is until you actually start reading the stories. Within the early moments of Beowulf and the Nibelungenlied significant amounts of correlations steadfastly intertwined a web of parallelism between the two heroic characters. Both glory-seeking and nigh invincible warriors from noble origins, the two warriors blasted through adversities in pursuit of their ultimate goals. While both eventually fulfilled their desires, Siegfried’s satisfaction was cut short by an untimely death. Although Beowulf also eventually met his end whilst in combat with a dragon, evidence suggests that this played well into Beowulf’s plans and as such only Siegfried truly met a downfall. The†¦show more content†¦Likewise, upon Beowulf’s arrival at Hrothgar’s hall he was immediately recognized as well. King Hrothgar remarked on Beowulf’s legendary reputation claiming that â€Å"[Beowulf] has thirty men’s heft of grasp in the gripe of his hand, the bold-in-battle.† (325-326) The two men have plenty in common, at least physically: overwhelming strength that is enough to overpower dozens of powerful warriors. Even more than a pure physical resemblance, both Siegfried and Beowulf had reputations that preceded them. Hagen and Hrothgar recounted stories of Siegfried and Beowulf’s conquests respectively, portraying them as valiant knights stopping at nothing to achieve success. Shortly after these initial introductions, the stories of fame begin to accelerate, and numerous similarities continue to appear. Beowulf journeyed to Heorot seeking glory by helping Hrothgar defeat the dreaded Grendel. He pledged his loyalties to Hrothgar and promised to fight off the demon to protect Hrothgar’s people. â€Å"To thy lord and liege in loyal mood we hasten hither, to Healfdene’s son, people-protector: be pleased to advise us!† â€Å"Siegmund’s son yearned to [Kriemhild] with true love. And [Siegfried and his] fearless band [of knights] drew towards Worms on the Rhine†¦ as Siegfried the hero and his following rode into Gunther’s country to the court† Similarly, Siegfried traveled to a foreign land toShow MoreRelatedSiegfried vs Beowulf Essay examples1635 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes, Beowulf and Siegfried, who differ wildly in character and temperament. Siegfried desires to establish and preserve relationships while Beowulf is out for his own glory. Though Siegfried’s modification of the definition ultimately exposes him to betrayal, his inclination to create and sustain relationships aids in solidifying his immortality on earth post-death. At first glance, the two characters presented in Beowulf and The Nibelungenlied share similar qualities of a hero: both Beowulf andRead MoreComparison Of Nibelungenlied Savagery And Good Manners1309 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategical advantage. When Siegfried first ventures to Burgundy, he immediately rushes into kingdom and challenges king Gunther. Instead of participating in war, Gunther decides that appeasing Siegfried and making an ally of him would be significantly more productive than battling him and risk losing the lives of many of his men. Gunther appeases Siegfried by being well-mannered and gracious towards him. Gunther offered â€Å"The best possible quarters†¦for Siegfried’s squires†¦Siegfried was a most welcome guestRead MoreEssay on Heroes of Celtic and Germanic Mythology3702 Words   |  15 Pagesheroes of Beowulf, the Nibelungenlied, and the Tain Bo Cuailnge. Some of the most striking of these parallels are: the noble and divine lineage of the he ro; the hero’s increased endurance and his exceptional combat abilities (including the use of powerful weapons and berserker behavior); the hero’s ability to attain victory against seemingly insurmountable odds or indestructible creatures; and the ritual practices of the taking of heads and the giving of rings. The epic poem Beowulf may be consideredRead MoreBeowulf Monster Vs Hero Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesheroic, does that cancel out their villainy? And vice versa? While Beowulf exhibits a multitude of heroic attributes, his undermining beast like qualities are hard to miss, and essentially pose the question to the reader: What is the relationship between monster and hero, and is there an overlap? The epic Beowulf blurs the lines between what it means to be a hero and villain through the manifestation of an â€Å"evil twin† story between Beowulf and Grendel. Word choice plays a large role in regards to howRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex: The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture2021 Words   |  8 Pagesintentions, dedication and pursuit of noble ideas, the personal cost often becomes so great that tragedy ensues. However, it is just this struggle that causes the tragic hero to appeal to a modern audience. After all, try as we might, we are not all Siegfried, Beowulf, or Achilles. In fact, it is through the flaws that we can often most identify in our own struggle to use these archetypal stories. Certainly, the oedipal myth has formed numerous permutations in culture and psychology that are common termsRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagespoetry The first page of Beowulf The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation; Bede attributes this to Cà ¦dmon (fl. 658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at Whitby.[1] This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic Beowulf range from AD 608 rightRead MoreThe Origin Of The Dragon2970 Words   |  12 Pageshero who has to â€Å"slay† the dragon (Unerman 94). In many works this is by the knight in shining armor or the wizard who must avoid its fiery blast. By the Middle Ages, dragons slaying had become an accepted occupation and saw such heroes like Siegfried, Beowulf, King Arthur, and King Lodbrok of Denmark according to Livo (Livo 567-68). American authors will usually present a dragon as not too intellectual but likeable, thereby giving young readers a sense of superiority over the dragon (Petersen 4)

Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created Free Essays

string(117) " by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation\." Kolb theorized that â€Å" Learning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience † ( 1984 ; 38 ) . Feedback and experience have played an of import function in furthering acquisition, altering patterns and theories every bit good as altering thoughts severally. Different theories of larning have been put frontward, and among them are the grownup larning theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will concentrate on one of the theory named Experiential Learning in add-on to discourse the Kolb and Jarvis Experiential Learning Theory, their restrictions or defects every bit good as to review the strengths and failings of the theory. There are two types of experiential larning viz. the one based on life experience, and that which is based in establishment engagement in development of cognition, accomplishments, thoughts and experience in their application. Furthermore, as motive is really indispensable to the acquisition procedure, hence this paper will besides concentrate on the motive to adult acquisition and the barriers to it, in add-on to the forms of larning adopted by grownup scholars. The Characteristics of Adult Learners Adult scholars need more engagement during the acquisition procedure because they are autonomous while some of the grownup scholars have gone through diverse experiences and have a wealth of cognition, so they need more chances for duologue among pupils to pull out their cognition and experience. Hence, Experiential Learning is of the importance to understanding grownup acquisition because of the features of grownup scholars. The importance of the Kolb David ‘s work and that of his associate Roger Fry, have played a important function in the constitution of the footing to such statements. Of involvement to Kolb were the procedures of doing sense of concrete experiences, which besides involves use of different manners. However, the plants of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin played an of import function in the preparation of Kolb ‘s thoughts. There have been two major elements of experiential acquisition that have been widely discussed. These include the construct that larning occur s through direct engagement of life events ( Houle, 1980 ; 221 ) and the 2nd construct that type of larning experience sponsored by establishments and involves a opportunity to a scholar to â€Å" get and use cognition, accomplishments and feelings in an immediate and relevant environment † ( Smith, 2001 ) . Learners in the first case of larning are non sponsored by any establishment but themselves. For illustration, grounds of application of experiential acquisition has focused on the application of developing plans in societal work and instruction. Persons are able to get cognition after traveling through peculiar events in life, and so reflecting on these experiences. Most of the people or all at least learn through life experiences. The Patterns of Experiential Learning Kolb theorized the forms of experiential acquisition are within a four phase larning rhythm, which includes concrete experience, observation and contemplation, formation of abstract and proving in new state of affairss. There has been a contention over where the procedure of larning Begins. While Kolb and Fry posited that acquisition could get down from anyplace in the above theorized four elements of the learning rhythm, others have posited that larning Begins through a peculiar action and seeing the effects of the action in the state of affairs in which the action was carried out. Therefore, it was possible to larn what would be expected from the action, if it was repeated at those peculiar state of affairss, and this generalizing may let the grouping of similar events that have similar acquisition experiences. However, a scope of fortunes would be involved to calculate out a connexion between the actions and the associated effects. Persons would understand the general rule that un derlies the peculiar case. The above theoretical account focuses on primary experience in experiential acquisition. Current literature has been accused of chiefly concentrating on primary experience in experiential acquisition theory and neglecting secondary experience. Weil and McGill categorized experiential acquisition in four ‘villages ‘ ( 1989 ) . These include the focal point on life and work experience to measure and recognize acquisition, recognizing alteration in constructions through experiential acquisition, focal point on raising group consciousness through experiential acquisition, and personal growing and self-awareness. These four ‘villages ‘ concern primary experience. Linguistic communicating is a channel through which indirect or secondary experience can be attained. Kolb theorized that persons would move in new fortunes to use the general rule and this application of the action was supposed to be within the scope of generalisation. Harmonizing to Kolb, feedback from the experiences would be used to alter patterns and theories whereas thoughts would be tested by concrete experiences gained from clip to clip ( Kolb 1984: 21-22 ) . The importance of feedback in the acquisition procedure is of import to guarantee that acquisition has taken topographic point. Therefore, the theory by Kolb has a nexus with Piaget ‘s cognitive development. Kolb and Fry identified four basic acquisition manners after developing a acquisition manner stock list ( Kolb, 1976 ) . The stock list would categorise people in either concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation, or active experimentation and brooding observation. The acquisition manners formulized by the above theoreticians are converger, diverger, learner and obliger. The converger would transport the features of abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. Convergers would be individuals of narrow involvements, strong to use the thoughts practically, unemotional, and would hold a hypo-deductive logical thinking on specific jobs. The diverger would presume the features of concrete experience and brooding observation, and would be able to hold a strong imaginativeness. In add-on to holding wide cultural involvements, these persons have the ability to see things at different positions, and are interested in people. The learner would be defined by the two features, viz. abstract conceptualisation and brooding observation. The person would execute best in inductive logical thinking in add-on to being interested more in abstract constructs than people. Kolb and Fry besides described these persons as holding a great ability to make theor etical theoretical accounts. The 4th group theorized by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation. You read "Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created" in category "Essay examples" These have been described as persons will be able to intuitively work out jobs, and when required to respond to immediate fortunes, these persons would make good. The persons have besides been termed as hazard takers and have greatest strength in making things. Kolb and Fry in there development of the acquisition manners challenged the construct that larning could be reduced to one dimension such as intelligence. Barriers/ Motivation to Experiential Learning There are several barriers that will impact the execution of experiential acquisition, such as scholars ‘ emotion, as it would impact scholar ‘s motive to take part in the activity. Besides, the design of the activity is really of import as scholars are grownups, they are largely result-oriented and hence, the result of the activities is designed to be utile. Furthermore, the skillfulness of the facilitator is the cardinal barriers if the facilitator can non demo the preparedness and the facilitation skills efficaciously. Experiential acquisition is besides affected by factors such as the grownup motive to larning. In fact, larning is non merely a component of experiences but besides motive to larning. Motivation of grownup scholars is an of import facet to accomplishing successful grownup instruction. Motivation of the grownup scholar may be explored in consideration of the features of the grownup scholar. Adult scholars are autonomous and independent and hence the procedures with which larning is to be achieved need to further these rules. In this regard, they are more responsible and need counsel to larn and happen cognition on their ain ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The grownup scholar has gone through and accumulated a batch of experiences and cognition and may necessitate that the acquisition environment and larning procedure accommodate these things. Adults will inscribe for prosecuting faculty members and classs while cognizing clearly what they want, and therefore they need to be guided on what to accompl ish at the terminal of certain classs before they enroll. Adults are likely to prosecute in activities and procedures, which they see relevancy and hence the acquisition procedure must carry through this. They are practical and need to be shown regard. Consideration of the grounds why single grownups engage in the acquisition procedure is of import so as to further motive and acquisition. In order to actuate the grownup scholar, there is a demand to see some factors including demand to suit their cognitive involvements such as easing hunt of cognition on their ain. Adult scholars sometimes need to be considered in their quest to achieve relieve of ennui at work and place. The grownup scholar must be shown the connexion of the occupation towards promotion of the ego at the workplace, such as achieve publicity and be able to associate the two. ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiential Learning Experiential acquisition can be utilized to planning of grownup acquisition and the rating of the same. Although the theoretical account has been applauded in the of import function it plays in the planning of larning activities and assisting to look into that scholars are engaged, there has been unfavorable judgment of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account of larning with the feeling that it does non further the thought of contemplation in acquisition. For illustration, I have joined a Team Building Training Workshop held by my workplace before. I found that I could larn what I have experienced during the preparation, as there were many activities and games that could prosecute me. However, I could non associate or use what I have learnt, as some of the scenarios are non wholly the same and the transportation of acquisition is lower than my outlook. Besides, cultural barriers such as work forces are non allowed to touch adult females ‘s manus in some of the states, which will impact the acquisition procedure because some of the foreign scholars are non experiencing comfy to make so during the activity. As a consequence, it has been criticized that experiential acquisition does non use to all state of affairss theorized in the theoretical account. Alternatively, there was a possibility for options, such as information assimilation and memorisation. It is known that cultural experiences/ conditions have a topographic point in the acquisition procedure. The Kolb theoretical account does non have or gives a small focal point on cultural experiences/ conditions. The theoretical account does non concentrate on the importance of differences in cognitive and manners of communications that are culturally based. There has been thought that the presentation of the thoughts in the theoretical account is instead excessively orderly and simplistic ( and to extent unreal ) because some procedures may happen one time and phases can be jumped. The grade of integrating of the acquisition manners can non be measured by the acquisition manner stock list because the latter deficiencies that capacity ( Tennant, 1997 ) . In add-on, because a wide and broad research base is of import in researching and proving the theoretical account, the theoretical account is hence limited in its dimensions. While the construct of Kolb can give a linkage between cognition and acquisition, it has been criticized because of limited geographic expedition of cognition. Kolb has merely explored the issue of cognition on a societal psychological science position and does non therefore explore it in deepness. The theory has been criticized for go forthing out the arguments about cognition theorized in the philosophic and societal theory. His conceptualisation of the thought that larning is concerned with bring forthing cognition has been faulted on the consideration of the thought of informed, committed action. A farther apprehension of experiential acquisition may be indicated in the theory generated by Jarvis ( 1987, 1995 ) and theorizes the different responses to the possible acquisition state of affairs. The theory development involved geographic expedition of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account by a figure of grownups who would use their ain experience of acquisition in the analysis. Non-learning, non-reflective acquisition, and some brooding acquisition were the different paths that were possible in the theoretical account theorized by Jarvis. In non-learning, people were able to interact through patterned behaviours. Persons may neglect to react to a state of affairs of possible acquisition and hence neglect to be engaged in the experiential acquisition procedure. In add-on, it was possible to undergo rejection in the procedure and fail to accomplish or progress experiential acquisition. Non-reflective tendencies included the day-to-day brushs of pre-conscious behaviour as everyone is exposed to experiences on a day-to-day footing that he does non believe about. Practice is besides a phase in non-reflective tendency and focal points on geting physical accomplishments and preparation for a manual business. Non-reflective tendency besides is characterized by memorisation. In this theoretical account, brooding acquisition involved contemplation, which entails giving a consideration and doing an rational determination about it. Persons would besides be able to travel thorough reflective acquisition by holding a brooding pattern in and on action. The conceptualisation by Jarvis besides falls short in the consideration of phase wise flow of things, yet it is important to observe that different things may go on together at one time. Decision Theory of grownup acquisition is limited and needs geographic expedition to understand. There are many positions of grownup acquisition in theory, including autonomous acquisition, critical contemplation, experiential acquisition and acquisition to larn hold been neglected in theory geographic expedition. The consideration of grownup acquisition as separate from the normal acquisition theory is incorrect and undeserved. This paper chiefly covered the facets of experiential acquisition, and considers the Kolb and Jarvis theory of experiential acquisition. Experiential larning involves the person acquisition through experiences of existent life state of affairs or the acquisition that is fostered by the establishments. The theory of provides of import constituents on how big acquisition may be good accomplished and planned but has some defects. These include restriction in its coverage of issue of cognition and limited research base for the theory. Kolb ‘s theoretical account of experiential acquisition has besides been criticized for deficiency of consideration of contemplation in acquisition. Both the Kolb ‘s and Jarvis ‘ parts have besides been found to fall short of outlooks in that they involve stage-wise development of procedures of larning yet it would be expected that sometimes more than one procedure happens at the same clip and others are skipped. Though the consideration of the grownup larning procedure as being separate from the normal acquisition procedure has been criticized, it is of import to calculate out ways in which grownup larning differs or the features of the procedure or scholars that make it diverge from the normal known acquisition procedure. In order to further larning procedure by the person, it is of import to see the features of the grownup scholar. The grownup scholar is a autonomous person who has already determined what they want from the class they have enrolled into. Again, they are likely to prosecute into act ivities they see as relevant. Adult scholars have an advanced motivation of larning such as necessitating accomplishing certain makings that will do them be promoted at the workplace, among others, and hence these demands must be understood and incorporated in the acquisition procedure and instruction course of study. Learning procedure does non merely constitute of experiences, but that factors like motive play an of import function in the accomplishment or engagement in larning. Motivation plays an of import function in the acquisition of an grownup. Understanding of the factors that influence motive and its topographic point in acquisition may further grownup instruction. While there are assorted ways through which an grownup scholar may be motivated, other barriers including duties at place, clip bounds among others act as barriers to motive. The best manner to actuate an grownup scholar is to progress the ground for registration into the peculiar class. Experiential acquisition plays an of import function in grownup acquisition. How to cite Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created, Essay examples

Enterprise Resource Planning and Vendor Selection

Question: Discuss about theEnterprise Resource Planning and Vendor Selection. Answer: Introduction This paper examines in details the use of the ERP software and vendor selection process with a focus on the overview of the related processes such as the vendor research, matching of the features to user requirements, making requests for bids, bid evaluation and vendor analysis as well as license agreement and contract management. While applying theoretical life practices, the paper as well evaluates different academic literature in the discussion of these processes and as well provides recommendations that can be adopted in managing the challenges and issues involved in the general process of adopting the software in business. Background Information Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is defined as management software used in business to allow a business or organization to use an integrated application system in the management of the business and automation of different back-office functions concerning services, technology, and human resources. In his study, Peri (2014) denotes that the ERP software is essential in the integration of all the facets of the business operation such as development, product planning, sales activities, product and services marketing, as well as manufacturing. The same study denotes that ERP is enterprise application software that is strategized to be adopted in large business enterprises but often requires essential customization terms in analyzing the data and handling of deployment and upgrades. The application can as well cover a lightweight business management solution that can be customized for a vertical or specific business arena. The modules are as well essential in the standardization of the c ritical business procedures, redundant tasks, lowering of purchase costs, and the management of human resources payrolls among other duties. However, the deployment of the ERP system can at times be a time-consuming and expensive process; it is necessary that a business makes the right choice in deciding on the vendor selection factors that are most vital for the organization. In his study, Sahling (2016) also points out various factors that should be considered in comparing the ERP systems and the vendors that provide them in evaluating if they are good partners for business. For instance, Fulmer and Gerard (2014) denote that it is necessary to evaluate; The organizational change and transformation of the vendor with time Most recent products of the vendor as well as the new products it plans to issue The time the company has taken in the industry The specialized experience of the vendor in the provision of the ERP solutions to businesses of similar type and size The vendors future direction in business Budget requirements and resources Future scalability and underlying technology The functional requirements of the ERP software that the organization needs to monitor Vendor Research, Selection, and Analysis In his study, Bucki (2016) denotes that the research, analysis, and selection of a vendor require the request for information from the vendors. The information provided by the vendors will be essential in the evaluation and examination of viable vendors that can be shortlisted through a request for proposals depending on the business an enterprise is pursuing and the enterprise resource planning adopted. The shortlisted vendors are then given a four-week deadline, a time for response and demonstrations. At this stage,Bucki (2016) denotes that the financial viability of every vendor is examined on the likelihood of being acquired as well as the research and development they devote to the value-add and the must-have requirements of the list. Each vendor is then given a discovery opportunity where they are given a platform to ask questions on what the organization expects on the demos or even invite them to tour the site. In their study, Walter (2016) denotes that vendor selection can be a very emotional and complicated process is not handled carefully using the best approach from the beginning. Every business should hence adopt a relevant process that can help the business to effectively identify prospective and relevant vendors and leading the team in a selection process of the winning vendors while providing insight on the negotiation of contracts while avoiding negotiation mistakes. Once the gathering and prioritization of the project requirements are complete, the project team can send a request for information to the vendors while focusing on 10% of the requirements that are essential or the company (Choudhury2016, p. 56). As a result, the following methods can be adopted in the process; Analysis of the Business Requirements Before starting the data collection process of performing interviews, it is necessary to assemble a group of people with vested interest in the particular vendor selection process. The first task that should be accomplished is the definition in writing the products, services, or materials that you are searching for a vendor. The step is followed by the definition of the technical and the business as well as the vendor requirements. The documents are then published in the areas relevant to the vendor selection process while seeking their input for approval. The team should then have an analysis of the final document creation. Vendor Search With the agreement on the vendor and business requirements in place, the team searches for possible vendors that can effectively deliver high-quality materials, services, and products. Malde (2016) denotes that a large scope of vendor process requires a high number of vendors on the table since not every vendor will match the minimum requirements hence giving the team the opportunity of seeking more information from the most qualified. A Request for Information (RFI) is then drafted and submitted to the vendors shortlisted. Their responses are then evaluated while selecting a small number that will be shortlisted for the next stage. Request for Proposal and Quotation The requirements for the business are defined while having the list of selected vendors that should be evaluated. Request for quotation and request for proposals and then written containing information on the detailsof submission, the introduction, the executive summary, business background, and overview, constraints and assumptions, detailed specifications, terms, and conditions, as well as the selection criteria. Proposal Evaluation and Bid Selection This phase is mainly focused towards minimizing human emotion as well as the political positioning so as to make a decision that best matches the interest of the company (Choudhury2016, p. 345). The process requires a thorough investigation while seeking input from all the stakeholders and using a specific methodological procedure in a unified selection decision of the vendors. It hence involves the preliminary review of all the vendor proposals, recording business requirement and vendor requirements, assigning the value of importance for every requirement, assigning performance value for every requirement, calculation of a total performance score, and selecting the winning vendor. Contract Negotiation and Licensing Agreement Strategies It is the last stage of vendor selection process involving the adoption of agreed-upon contract negotiation strategy. It hence requires the selection team to review the objectives of the contract negotiation as well as the possible legal requirements that may be necessary for the process of adopting the ERP Software in the process. The negotiation plan should hence cover a list of the ranked priorities and the possible alternatives, and assessment of the possible risks and liabilities. It as well involves the definition of the time constraints and benchmarks as well as the political liabilities and risks, and evaluation of the legal requirements on the confidentiality, dispute resolution, and non-competency changes in requirements. The business should as well choose the enterprise level the suits it operation. Large enterprise ERP is adopted for larger markets and is globally dominated by three primary companies; the Oracle, Microsoft, and SAP. Mid-market ERP is adopted by midmarket vendors such as Epicor, Sage, IFS, QAD, and Infor among others. The small business ERP such as the Exact Globe, Visibility, Consona, and CDC software are adopted as activant solutions for small business. Recommendations In his study, Sahling (2016) denotes that providing an employee demo training beforehand enables employees to get a clear instruction and expectation not to give any clue about their feeling towards the performance of the software. During the demos, the organization needs to focus on priority areas while bringing the subject matter experts that would be able to express their interest as well as ERP pain points so as to ensure that the requirements are written accordingly. Neves, Fenn, and Sulcas (2014) also assert that it is vital to document all the business issues that arise in the sessions even to the very small ones that can have minimal impacts on the business such dollar limits that will trigger manager sign-offs. Doing so at early stages can help in solving problems that can arise later as a result of the documented information. The organization as well require t set up an interactive process that will help in gathering ERP requirements such as review sessions with all the sta keholders involved. It is also essential to categorize the different requirements into three primary groups, i.e. mandatory, nice to have, and value-add as the categorization will help in phasing the vendor selection implementation according to Altamony et al. (2016, p. 67). For instance, the organization can focus on the mandatory requirements at the beginning to ensure the normal operation is maintained before introducing the value-add items phrase for the process of optimization. Since most of the stakeholders and employees are still learning on the use of the software, it is essential that the optimization process is undertaken in stages. Fulmer and Gerard (2014) also point out that a step-by-step accounting of tasks that are executed both outsides and inside of the ERP system along with the stakeholders responsibility and the time frame. The strategy is essential in uncovering pain points such as the poor visibility into key data that are essential for the strategic management and success of the wh ole vendor selection process. However, the requirements that are related to the ability to automate the workflows or visibility provision into certain sources of data tend to available widely across the brands. Conclusion ERP software often made up of different enterprise software modules that can be individually purchased on the basis of what best suits the technical performance and particular needs of the organization. Every module often focuses on a particular facet of the business process like marketing or development of product among others. Among the denoted modules include inventory control, finance and HR, material purchase, distribution, accounting, and marketing. A business hence typically adopts a combination of different modules in managing tasks and back office activities such as managing the supply chain, distribution processes, configuration, pricing, financial data accuracy improvement, better project planning facilitation, and automating the lifecycle of employees. The modules are as well essential in the standardization of the critical business procedures, redundant tasks, lowering of purchase costs, and the management of human resources payrolls among other duties. However, the depl oyment of the ERP system can at times be a time-consuming and expensive process; it is necessary that a business makes the right choice in deciding on the vendor selection factors that are most vital for the organization. List of References Altamony, H., Tarhini, A., Al-Salti, Z., Gharaibeh, A. H., Elyas, T, 2016,The Relationship between Change Management Strategy and Successful Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementations: A Theoretical PerspectiveInternational Journal Of Business Management Economic Research,7(4), 690-703.Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 January 2017. Bucki, J 2016, The Successful Vendor Selection Process: Five steps to vendor selection process Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/the-successful-vendor-selection-process-2533820 Choudhury, D. K. (2016). Vendor Selection Model for a Manufacturing Company: An Analytical Research Approach.IUP Journal Of Operations Management,15(2), 34-52.Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14Feb 2017. Fulmer, B. P., Gerard, G. J. 2014,Selecting an Enterprise Resource Planning System: An Active Learning SimulationJournal Of Emerging Technologies In Accounting,11(1), 71-82. Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2016. Malde, A. 2015, Role of Information Technology and Communication Systems in Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems in Indian IndustriesGlobal Journal Of Enterprise Information System,7(4), 18-22.Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 January 2016. Neves, D., Fenn, D., Sulcas, P. 2014,Selection of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems,South African Journal Of Business Management,35(1), 45-52.Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 27Dec 2016. Peri, T. 2014, Multiproduct vendor selection with volume discounts as the fuzzy multi-objective programming problem, International Journal Of Production Research,52(14), 4315-4331. Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 27Dec 2016. Sahling, F. 2016,Integration of vendor selection into production and remanufacturing planning subject to emission constraints, International Journal Of Production Research,54(13), 3822-Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 2January 2017. Walter, Z 2016,Critical Success Factors for Integrated Library System Implementation in Academic Libraries: A Qualitative Study.Information Technology Libraries,35(3), 27-42.Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 27Dec 2016.

Mirror, Mirror on the Wall free essay sample

Mirror , Mirror on the WallWhen you wake up from a nights sleep first thing most people do is go to the bathroom. A lot of people miss a key an element in that process which is looking in the mirror. Some people look in the mirror before they do anything else. But what do you really see when you look in the mirror? Some see the makeup they didnt wash off from the night before. Others see acne that they struggle with daily. And its a group of people that see a stranger in the reflection of the mirror. That stranger is the body that is reflecting but the true person is in the inside that they hold true to their hearts. Gender identity is something that has been a difficult journey for at least 1 million people in the United States according to the CDC ( https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html) . It must be a struggle to feel like you are going against everything that you were taught, and every society has deemed correct. But for some people in this country thats how they live their life every day. I would like to highlight what science deems as true, what society compounds and call true with science backing them up, and shine the light on a special case that contradicts the former.Gender identity is a persons concept of him or herself whether male or female, this can be either the same as their biological gender or it could be different (Schwartz, 2008). Most of the people out there are satisfied at being the gender they were born, though some may feel that they should be the opposite sex. This a simple explanation of what the Nature influence comes from. What you are born with and as should be who you are. And in most cases that is true. Someones gender as opposed to their sex is mainly a social construction and their own thoughts and feelings about their gender have a great impact on the development of their own identity. We as women biologically give birth to children and society gives us the fitting title of mother. This title has an influence on how women are defined in society, including their role in as well (Ohle, 2006). This thought creates the link between the belief that sex is associated with biology and a man or womens gender identity in any society is determined socially and psychologically which includes historically and culturally (Ohle, 2006). In the determination of gender identity, social and cultural perceptions of what is considered masculine and feminine traits along with roles are major players in determining what is right.With that being said, its believed that gender isnt a nature thing it is a nurture thing. Something that is learned from the environment and culture that you are exposed to (Ohle,2006). After the baby is born and doctors say whether its a girl or a boy, parents begin to raise the baby as such based on the gender or sex of the child. Which is also known as core gender identity (Dreger, 2009). Research has been collected and its been found that core gender identity takes place by age two or three, in some cases the child may be as old as five before the core gender identity is complete. But it is also believed that the parents have the power over this the gender role decision. A parents influence make up the largest contributing factor in determining environmental influences (Dreger, 2009). The same research has proven that behavioral changes happen when parents of either sex interact with different genders (Dreger, 2009). Some examples of this are that girls are cuddled more often, and boys are encouraged to play more assertively. Sooner or later the concept of his or her gender develops (Ghosh, 2009). Parents can often become overly worried about certain behaviors, but this tends to only confuse the child even more. Which is quite common and sad because the societal push of what a girl or boy should do or how they should act is not always the right example. Its ok for boys to cry and its ok for girls to play football if that is what they want to do and its not impeding on their development as a person.Now lets get back to the science aspect and start from the beginning. Every fetus begins life as a female because of the X chromosome coming from the mother; this is the only chromosome active for the first few weeks of gestation. At the eighth week the fetus takes a chromosome from the father who can be either an X or a Y (Wickens, 2005). If the fetus takes an X chromosome it will stay a female, but if it takes a Y chromosome it begins making testosterone and other male hormones and will begin to develop as a male. These different hormones work in the brain to create the male sex organs and genitalia (Wickens, 2005). What I just described is something we learn a little about in high school biology and in more depth in an embryology or other higher-level college course. It sounds cut and dry so why cant it be just that simple. This is how the saying, Men determine what the childs sex will be got established. Because of the second chromosome coming from them. But there are some situations during gestation a fetuss brain produces male hormones but the fetus still becomes a female. Other times the fetus does not produce enough testosterone for the fetus to become completely male. This is known as hermaphroditism (Ghosh, 2009). Society today calls this intersex. And these cases are few and far in between now but because it has happened and still can happen some parents now are going towards not labeling their child until they reach puberty and then allows them to determine who they want to be regardless of how they were born according to science.The special case I was referring to in the beginning is one about a lady that grew up in the deep south in the late 60s early 70s. She was born and raised up to be a healthy young woman. Everything that society said she should have to be the regular little girl was given. Baby dolls, dresses, lace socks (very southern tradition), and tea parties. Around 10 years old she felt like something wasnt right. She understood that she was a girl, but she didnt think it matched with her spirit. After a while she didnt act the rest of the girls including her sisters which became a problem in some cases. She wanted to hang with the boys more and venture off in what they were interested in. Her family around her just labeled it as her being a tomboy but she knew it was much more.She never had a boyfriend and wasnt interested in one. And once she got in high school her mother had to basically threaten her to put on anything feminine. By the time she reached her senior year she finally accepted the fact that not only was she attracted to females but that she didnt identify with females. She truly felt like she was a man trapped in a womans body. She was afraid to tell her family because of what the backlash could be and didnt want to risk the aftermath. So, after she graduated she left home for a summer trip and never came back. Through out her life she has evolved into the person she is today and from choice in clothes to a voluntary hysterectomy which is an extreme step she does it try to find piece in herself. The person I speak of is my mother. She has always maintained that the only reason that I am on this earth is because she was raped, and no one believed she was pregnant because of the fact everyone knowing that she didnt like guys in that way. So once everyone found out the truth of her pregnancy it was to late for her to have an abortion. At that time, she was very sad and mad because she didnt want any kids which is why Im the only child. But nonetheless she cherishes me like Im not human.As I listened to her story when I got older and was able to comprehend it was to clear to me that the sex you are at birth can possibly be different than your gender. Even though society has combined to two there is evidence that can very well contradict the status quo. Gender identity shouldnt have to be synonymous to the sex youre born with. And that doesnt make either wrong or less than the other. Once youre born it takes both nature and nurture to mold you into who end up being. So, if when you look in the mirror and see something different than what science says is ok nothing is wrong with that. And a perfect example of that is the younger children in my family who has only seen my mother as a male call her Uncle Jack instead of Auntie Jackie and she answers like its second nature. The mirror on the wall can be tricky but it will tell you what you see and what other people see. Sometimes it may be the same answer and other times it may be different.ReferencesSelf Identity, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p34-53, 20p, 1 Chart; DOI: 10. 1080/15298860600980185 Dreger, A. (2009).Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood: Inconclusive Advice to Parents. The Hastings Center Report, 39(1). 26-9. From: ProQuest database. Ghosh, S. MD (2009).Sexuality, Gender Identity. From: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/917990-overview Ohle, A. (2006).The Effects of Culture on Gender Identity. From: http://ematusov.soe.udel.edufinal.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/000000a8.htm Schwartz, N. (2008)Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation. Functional Neurology, 24(1), 17-28. From: ProQuest database. Wickens, A. P. (2005).Jackqueline Eppss recalls her childhood and early adulthood with a short account of present day- 1969-1990, 2001- present

Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Example

Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Example Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay but overall the rates are increasing, which is a bad mark, because it shows that although engineering has increased and there are now other methods of abortion, people are disregarding the fact that abortion is slaying. Statisticss on abortion in South Africa: 85A 000 Abortions taking topographic point annually 500 Women dice every twelvemonth because they use the pill incorrect/ misuse it 425 adult females die due to illegal abortion 42 00 to 167A 000 illegal abortions are done every twelvemonth in South Africa and there is nil we can make about it. There is a jurisprudence that states the demands, but it is hard to implement when you do nt cognize about the backstreet abortions 50 % of all gestations end up in a abortion More than 500A 000 adult females have had an abortion since the jurisprudence has been implemented in 1996 The Numberss are striking sky high, in Limpopo the Numberss increased from 533 to about 4864 in 2006 24 % of abortions performed in South Africa are done within the 2nd trimester of the gestation and this is unsafe to the adult female s wellness and worse for the unborn babe. There are about 350 installations that perform abortion, but in 2007 merely 60 % of these medical clinics ( infirmaries ) were working/functioning. Many times we wonder why adult females prefer abortions over alternate methods, and most of the clip we think the ground is colza, good there stats say something else. Why are abortions performed? 1 % because of colza or sexual maltreatment 1 % because the kid will hold abnormalcies 3 % choose abortion because the adult female s wellness is at hazard 91 % prefer abortion as a method of birth control. These are the other grounds why adult females chose abortion: 25 % want to prorogue holding a kid 8 % do nt desire more kids than the already have 21,3 % of adult female ca nt afford a babe at that phase 11 % think or believe it will interrupt their job/education 14 % of the clip the spouse does nt desire the babe 12 % are excessively immature or any other expostulation 2 % choose abortion for another ground Teenage Pregnancy stats in South Africa: 66A 000 misss we re reported being pregnant in 2002, and that was their alibi for non go toing school The adolescent gestation rate rose to 86A 000 in 2004, and these misss still blamed their gestation on non go toing an educational installation More than a 1/3 of the babes that are born in South Africa have female parents that are 19 old ages of age or younger. One in every three misss has already had a babe by the clip they reach age 20 There is one instance where 71 % of the misss in a high school ion Soweto fell pregnant ( one the outskirts of Johannesburg ) 12 % of sexually active adolescents ( age 12-14 ) have neer used protection during sexual intercourse State Adolescent birth rate per 1000 adult females 15-19 A Israel 17 A Iceland 19 A Croatia 19 A United Kingdom 20 A Hungary 21 A Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 A Slovakia 24 A Estonia 26 A New Zealand 27 A Belarus 27 A Russia 30 A Georgia 33 A Macedonia 34 A Armenia 34 A Romania 37 A Ukraine 38 A Saudi Arabia 38 A Bulgaria 41 A Chile 44 A Brazil 45 A United States 53 A Indonesia 55 A Mexico 64 A South Africa 66 A India 73 A Nigeria 103 A Niger 233 This tabular array shows how the adolescent gestation rate is spread across the universe. South Africa with a population of about 49.3 million ( 66 adult females in every 1000, between the ages of 15 and 19, autumn pregnant ) , has some of the highest Numberss, compared to Russia who has 141 million people, but merely 30 out of 1000 autumn pregnant. Teenage gestation depends on a figure of things: Fortunes ( whether you are exposed to sexual maltreatment, poorness etc ) Location ( high offense and colza countries will increase figure of gestations ) Education ( if the adolescents are informed about the effects of abortion and whether or non they had Sex Ed ) Contraceptives ( do they hold entree to the protection necessary ) Culture ( in many civilizations it is required for the miss to get married at the age of 14 or 15 ) I think that many uneducated adolescents abort the kid because that is the easiest manner out and a speedy hole . Here are some facts that are against abortion and that show what truly happens when you have an abortion There are many complications for the female parent even if the process is legal. ( Whether it is emotional, physical or even religious, the female parent will endure in legion ways ) Physical effects that the female parent might endure from Psychological effects that the female parent might hold: Death Compunction and guilt Asepsis Suicide efforts Miscarriages in the hereafter Lower self-pride ( weakness and bereavement ) Menstrual jobs Might experience more choler which can take t kid maltreatment Infections Hate for those with a connexion to it Bleeding and a batch of hurting Ca nt forgive yourself Breast malignant neoplastic disease No more an involvement in sex 7. What are the general sentiments sing abortion: ( friends/family ) ( see interviews attached ) Number of ballots Abortion is a touchy topic and non many people are familiar with what precisely abortion entails. Many have a certain position because they have been raised in such a mode, but in the terminal it is your ain pick. I decided to interview five of my household members, and seek to analyze what they know and think about the construct abortion . I interviewed my cousins ( age 15 and 21 ) , my parents ( age 47-50 ) , my Aunt ( age 44 ) and my grandmother ( age 62 ) , merely so that I have a wide overview of the different age groups and what they conceive as slaying and when they think life starts. It was interesting to see that many of them thought that abortion was slaying, but yet they believe the adult female has the right to kill the babe. That was seen in the younger age groups and the inquiries asked to the older interviewees showed that they really thought about it and found it hard to do a determination. They believe abortion is slaying and so merely God decides when to take and give life. Our organic structure is merely borrowed to us here on Earth, so why do we have the right to make up ones mind what happens to the babe turning inside this borrowed organic structure? There were assorted feelings when it came to the inquiry about a rape-victim, since the babe being formed inside of your uterus, was nt done out of an act of love, but instead fury and force. Although God has a program for us all and everything that happens to us has a greater intent in the terminal, we do nt needfully see the bigger image at that place and so. We merely see the hatred and unhappiness, but in order for us to be free, we need to forgive the individual so that your life can be filled with copiousness. My household s ideas on the subject abortion are really broad, since none of them have of all time been in the state of affairs where they needed to take action ; but if I look at the inquiries asked and what the 5 interviewees answered, I would state that there is decidedly a negative intension to the word abortion , slaying and ferociousness, all Acts of the Apostless that are most surely non from God. The common feeling is that abortion should be eliminated ( particularly all the barbarous methods of abortion ) and instead think of alternate ways. Rescue those being led off to decease, hold back those astonishing towards slaughter. Proverbs 24:11 8. What professional organisations can advice you on abortion? They defend the defenceless Their purposes are: The protects human life and besides promote the value and being of a life They try to raise the rights of kids They help and back up pregnant female parents ( start of gestation up until existent birth ) Birth Right provides the loving option to abortion Another Organization that can help is the Birth right unit that is situated in Johannesburg and Durban This organisation will assist you if you are pregnant, scared, if you do nt desire to confront the universe and you merely necessitate person to listen. They help by: Giving you a anon. gestation trial Provide information on shelter places Give you apparels Make sure you have the necessary medical, legal and acceptance information When you find yourself on the out of boundss, we re here to assist. This non-profit organisation: Supply support to female parent s that have premature births and that have trouble or any complications during their gestation The intervene with the needful medical intervention, instruction Most significantly they provide a loving bosom and support Africa Cares for Life This Christian organisation provides you with all the necessary information if you find yourself in a crisis gestation. The provide preparation, resources ( medical, nutrient, apparels etc ) And Conferences with the needed advice and support 9. What support system is in topographic point in your school? To the Glory of God Doxa Deo College, a Christian school and college with the right values and ends set in topographic point. In Doxa we have a passion for God I which we strive to link to God on a hebdomadal base in congratulations and worship. A passion for people and service ; we learn to appreciate each other s uniqueness and at the same clip larn what it is to function those around you. A passion for unity, everything we do in Doxa is based on the illustration Jesus set for us. Passion for Tshwane and states is a manner of learning us how to make out and take duty for the demands around us. Passion for leading and growing ; at our school there are many chances to show and better out leading accomplishments, but even more we are able to turn, spiritually and emotionally. We see the dream God has for us. Even though we are a Christian school there are many things we to hold to confront, even the instance of abortion. About a twelvemonth ago, we had a state of affairs in our school, where a miss fell pregnant and chose to abort. The school handled it in a professional mode and supported the miss, her household and her category friends. The school announced what had happened so that no rumor could distribute. The miss was sent place for a few hebdomads in order to retrieve and after that she returned to school to happen the loving support of the school. Doxa will neer project anyone out because of their wickednesss, since it is non our topographic point to reprobate, but merely God. As a household of Christ Doxa s support system is non merely organize direction and managers, but instead the support from God that is worked through his adherents. 10. Decision: Abortion is slaying! This is my decision- abortion is slaying a incapacitated kid and to me personally, I believe that God did non mean for this to go on. In one physical cell, there is already life. It is the beginning of life and it remains the same through all the phases of development ( from inside the female parent s uterus to outside ) Seven yearss after the adult female has missed her catamenial rhythm, the babe s bosom has already started pumping blood through the premature vass. Life has already been initiated by: the breath of life ( Genesis2: 7 ) and so it will go on, until the last breath is given-you dice. God says that at a clip we will hold to stand up for our religion even if it means you might decease, but Christians have to take a stance for what we all SAY we believe. In America, Obama is a broad in many state of affairss, one of them being abortion. He approves the method of Partial birth control and he even said yes to kill a babe that has survived, but suffered an abortion. Abortion is a personal determination non a legal argument so why are we reasoning about whether abortion is acceptable or non. We are seeking to warrant the universe s actions by doing it legal, good that is non true in the eyes of the Lord. Merely He can give and take life and if you choose to travel against His ways, you will one twenty-four hours hold to stand before the King of Kings and warrant your actions of slaying one of His creative activities. Our Father is a God of grace, but God did nt mean for us to slay something that He gave as a gift. The Lord will bless you for your determinations and good plants, but he will besides keep you accountable for your wickednesss. Even though we might be right now ; here on Earth with the Government in charge and as our justice, we will one twenty-four hours bare the effects of our actions when we arrive in Eden and have to confront the true, all-powerful judge-GodaˆÂ ¦ Pregnancy is a gift of God, to be able to transport a kid inside a adult female is a miracle and God planned life in this manner. By aborting you are slaying, which is wickedness. Number 35: 33 Do non foul the land where you are. Bloodshed pollutes the land, and expiation can non be made for the land on which blood has been shed, except by the blood of the 1 who shed it. Abortion is legal in the universe s eyes, but non in God s. Although slaying is incorrect in the eyes of the Lord and besides the Government ( since you can be sent to imprison for slaying, but so what about abortion? ) the universe still chooses the easy manner out-terminate the pregnancy-abortion. It is now your ain determination that will do the difference, live with the babe God has made inside of you, or foul the land with the blood of guiltless babes. I say NO to abortion! God says that to slay is sin and besides sex before matrimony is sin. If you abstain from sex before matrimony you would nt necessitate to hold to abort and you will be populating the manner God has proposed for us to populate. So why would we wish to follow the footfalls of America where 1.6 million unborn babes are murdered every twelvemonth? Rather have the babe and live up to your moral criterions and happen an alternate method, by giving the babe up for acceptance or traveling to a installation where they can back up you and your babe. If I fell pregnant, I would NOT abort, I will populate with the kid God has given me and I know that God will travel with me and be my pillar of strength when I need Him, God says: Trust in the LORD with all your bosom and thin non on your ain apprehension. Proverbs 3:5 And that is precisely what I will make ; I wo nt tilt on my ain apprehension, something that the universe should make every bit good. Mother Theresas: I ever say one thing. If a female parent can kill her ain kid, so what is left of the West to be destroyed? It is hard to explicate, but it is merely that. Everyone has the right to life, even an unborn childaˆÂ ¦ 11. Glossary Forcepss: An instrument used to pull out or pull strings something. Almost like a brace of tongs, used by a sawbones Ultrasound: This is really high frequence moving ridges that are excessively high for the human ear to hear. The sound moving ridges can resile of tissue and so an image is formed ( echogram ) during an ultrasound for a pregnant adult female Legislation: A proposed jurisprudence, the act of jurisprudence devising Fluctuates: Something ( whether Numberss, the conditions or certain forms ) change invariably. It goes up and down Asepsis: If the adult female is sterile, non able to gestate a kid Broad: open-minded, free thought, even if it means traveling against the will of God

Analysis of theoretical explanations of the relationship between Essay

Analysis of theoretical explanations of the relationship between technology and society - Essay Example 2.1 Technological determinism is a reductionist theory which holds the assumption that a society’s technology plays a crucial role in driving the development of its social structure as well as the cultural values (McLoughlin 1999, 32). The social structures evolve as a result of adapting to the technological change. The theory also suggests that technology moves on its own course which is normally independent of the human direction. It is therefore regarded to as an autonomous system which ultimately permeates all other sub systems of a society. Technological determinism contributes to the conclusion that emergence of automated technology inevitably raises the level of skill as well as the autonomy of the work force. According to Webster (2002, 34), technological determinism is also a clear explanation of the relationship between technology and society which asserts that technology plays an important role in determining the social existence within a society. In most instances technological changes act as catalysts for societal change. The changes are either seen as literally outside the context of the society or metaphorically outside the society. In addition, the technological developments take place as a result of natural logic which is not socially or culturally determined. As a result, the developments enact change and social adaptation (McLouglin 1999, 39). 2.3 The reason as to why I think they are perfect examples is due to the impact they have on the society and their autonomy nature. Bearing in mind that technological determinism refers to technology as an autonomous system, the quotes support the idea behind that. For example, robots are slowly being assimilated into the systems of our homes and lives whereby they will play a central role later in the century just like both the internet and combustion do now. In reference to technological determinism, the revolution of

Using examples of your choice critically examine how ideas about the Essay

Using examples of your choice critically examine how ideas about the nation or national identity have become an important part of contemporary culture and socie - Essay Example Britons constructed their identity in opposition to an â€Å"other†: Catholic France. Gender roles were central to this moderate Protestant national identity. By looking at eighteenth-century British writers such as Sir Walter Scott and by analyzing William Hogarths prints, it was clear how British identity was constructed as strong and â€Å"masculine† while â€Å"others† especially the French, were described as weak and â€Å"feminine† (Taylor, 2000: 63). National Identity as a Part of Contemporary Culture and Society: The diversity, the multitudinous cultural effects and the flexible symbols of the national produce an enormous cultural resource that is a seething mass of cultural elements. Culture, according to this conception, is constantly in the process of developing, of emerging out of the dynamism of popular culture and everyday life whereby people make and remake connections between the local and the national, between the national and the global, between the everyday and the extraordinary. However well established and institutionalised nations may become, they remain elusive, perpetually open to context, to elaboration and to imaginative reconstruction (Edensor, 2002: vi). There are several routes towards expressing identity that exist within this matrix, some branches of which wither, are renewed, and multiple connections which exist between cultural spheres according to Edensor (2002: 1) emerge. Despite the globalisation of economies, cultures and social processes, the scalar model of identity is believed to be primarily anchored in national space. Partly, then, the space in which culture and everyday life operates is indisputably the nation which is a social and cultural construct. Edensor: (2002: 3) states that the position of the state towards already existing cultures is complex, for certain cultures may be eradicated (especially in the case of ethnic or

Decision Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Decision Paper - Case Study Example Presently, the school has two payment models, which are the fixed tuition fee system and the after care school payment. In both instances, there are variations with how much parents would pay; especially with the after care fee. With the tuition fee, the difference in amount of money to pay comes in as a result of existing discount systems for parents who qualify and fall within discount criteria. With the after school system, the difference comes in how many hours a student would be engaged in the system. This means that the billing system is complicated because of the differences. However, the billing system is typically manual whereby parents have to make payments directly to the vice principal and in her office. One other situation that creates a bit of difficulty with the present billing and information system; apart from its manual nature is that the payment procedure allows for two modes of payments, which are paying in bulk and paying in installment. Generally, this involves high cost and time for the vice principal in keeping records of various times of billing that payments are made. But for the inability of the information system to handle complex processes including the billing system of the school, the school would have grown beyond its present grade 3 level. The fact of the case is that because the information system is highly manual and complicated, the administrative term of the school hardly have any extra time to undertake administration programs that are centered on growth and expansion. If the principals and administrative term had for the past twenty (20) years dealt with something more advanced and modern, they would have spent less time managing the billing system of the school such that they could have concentrated their time on publishing for the physical expansion of the school. Diagrammatically, the billing and information system uses Microsoft Excel software that contain the following data about students and payments. Student Name Pa rent Name discount on fixed fees Monthly fixed tuition fee Monthly fixed after-care fee Discounted fixed fees Monthly â€Å"drop-in† fees Total monthly fee Payment received Amount paid to date Amount outstanding Business Process Improvement The shortcoming of the old system is its manual nature, which makes working on the billing system cumbersome, difficult and time consuming. It was indeed based on these shortcoming and weaknesses that the new information and billing system was designed. The new billing system embraces and encompasses the new approach to technological development because it has its entire operational component rooted in technological operations. This is to say that there is virtually no need and use of manual manipulations to get the new system to run or start and complete a billing process. The new billing system is typically an online process that gives parents the pleasure of making payments from the comfort of their homes and offices. This means that th ere is a major advantage whereby the need to walk distances from people’s home to the school to make payment has been eliminated. The role of the vice principal to spend almost three quarters of her duties and time in the school overseeing the payment of fees will also stop. This means that there is going to be more time for the school to concentrate on its new expansion

Hypertension Case Study Nursing

Hypertension Case Study Nursing 1) CASE SUMMARY Mr. MS is a 58-year-old Malay male who was previously diagnosed with hypertension, gout and triple vessel ischemic heart disease. He first presented with chest pain in March 2010 where he was diagnosed with ischemic heart disease. He was unable to complete an exercise stress test and an angiogram done in Hospital Sultanah Aminah found him to have triple vessel disease. He was told angioplasty was not possible due to the severity of the blocks and was counseled for CABG but he was not keen. Meanwhile, he has had angina attacks 2 to 3 times per week every week since his initial diagnosis for the last 3 months, usually relieved by sublingual GTN and was currently admitted for the 4th time for chest pain not relieved by GTN. ECG done 2 hours after onset of chest pain showed ST depression of 2mm at leads I, aVL, V3 V6 and left axis deviation with no Q waves. Trop T was positive (2.75 ng/ml) at 4 hours after onset and other cardiac enzymes were also raised significantly. He was diagnosed with NSTEMI and treated with aspirin 300mg, IV morphine 2.5 mg, sublingual GTN 3 tablets and subcutaneous clexane 60mg BD for 3 days as well as continuing his current medication regime of simvastatin, metoprolol, cardiprin, ISDN, amlodipine and GTN. Following admission, he was well in the ward with no recurrence of chest pain and did not develop any new complaints. He was discharged after 3 days of inpatient treatment with instructions to attend his follow-up appointment at the cardio clinic in HSAJB on the 16th of June 2010 to make an appointment for surgery. Following this episode of chest pain, which he says is the worst so far, he is now quite keen for CABG. PATIENTS DETAILS I/C NUMBER: 510831015263 AGE: 58 SEX: Male DATE OF ADMISSION: 3/6/2010 R/N: 1348445 2) CLINICAL HISTORY Chief Complaint Chest pain for 1 day. History of Present Illness Mr. MS is a 58-year-old Malay male who was previously diagnosed with gout, hypertension and ischemic heart disease with triple vessel disease. He was awoken from sleep at about 10pm due to a central chest pain of sudden onset. He described the character of the pain as crushing in nature and radiated to his neck. This episode of chest pain was the most severe since he was first diagnosed with ischemic heart disease. The pain was associated with profuse sweating, body weakness and was not relieved by rest. However, it was relieved by sublingual GTN, of which he has a supply of. His discomfort was made worst by exertion so he lay in bed to recover. Despite this, he had another episode of chest pain 30 minutes later. He took the sublingual GTN again but this time, the pain did not resolve. He was then brought to the emergency department of Hospital Batu Pahat by his son. This is Mr. MSs fourth admission for chest pain since March 2010. Since his diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in March, he has experience angina attacks two to three times per week, especially on exertion such as when straining while passing motion. During these attacks, he uses sublingual GTN to relieve his symptoms and normally feels much better after that. He only comes to the hospital when GTN does not work to relieve his symptoms. Systemic Review Mr. MS does not experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, epigastric pain, shortness of breath, fever, and had no syncopal episodes. He also does not have loss of appetite or loss of weight. Bowel and urinary habits are normal. His sleep has not been affected until this current episode whereby he was awoken by the chest pain. Past Medical History Mr. MS was diagnosed with hypertension 6 years ago when he had an episode of headache. He has been on medication since and was on regular follow-up with KK Rengit. He was diagnosed with gout 5 years ago when he had a left big toe swelling which resolved after some medication. He is not on long term medication for gout. Mr. MS was admitted for the first time 5 years ago in 2005 when he had bilateral renal calculi. He was subsequently referred to Hospital Sultanah Aminah for further management of this problem and it has since resolved and does not have follow-up anymore. Mr. MS was diagnosed with ischemic heart disease in March 2010 when he presented with chest pain for the first time. Following his recovery, he underwent a stress test in Hospital Batu Pahat but according to him, was unable to complete the procedure due to chest discomfort. He was referred to the cardiology unit in Hospital Sultanah Aminah for further management where an angiogram was performed and he was told to have triple vessel disease. He was also told that angioplasty was not possible due to the severity of the blocks. He was recommended to have Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) but as of yet, no appointment has been made as he was still unsure of going through with the procedure. Following this episode of chest pain, Mr. MS has decided that going for the CABG is the only thing that will keep him alive. His current medications include: Tab Simvastatin 20mg OD Tab Metoprolol 75mg BD Tab Cardiprin 100mg OD Tab Isosorbide Dinitrate (ISDN) 5mg TDS Tab Amlodipine 10mg OD Sublingual Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) PRN He is compliant to his medication regime. Mr. MS is not known to have diabetes or hyperlipidemia. He also does not have any known food or drug allergies. Family History Mr. MS is the 3rd of 9 siblings. His father had hypertension and passed away a long time ago due to unknown causes. His mother and other siblings are healthy. None of them have hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease or malignancy. Social History He lives in a kampung in Rengit with his wife and 5 children. Mr. MS does not smoke nor consume alcohol. He works in a palm oil plantation. The distance from his house to Hospital Batu Pahat is about half an hour. On further enquiry, Mr. MS says that the cost of the CABG is about RM1000, which he can afford. 3) FINDINGS ON CLINICAL EXAMINATION (Mr. MS was examined by me 9 hours after onset of chest pain) Mr. MS was alert, conscious, and communicative. He was not in obvious pain or respiratory distress. He was lying down comfortably on his bed. There were no tendon xanthomata, xanthelasma, pallor, corneal arcus or pedal edema. His JVP was not raised. His clinical parameters are: Blood Pressure : 158/94 mmHg Heart Rate : 94 beats per minute. Regular rhythm Respiratory Rate : 20 breaths per minute Temperature : 37Â °C SpO2 : 97% under room air On examination of the precordium, the apex beat was located at the 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line and was normal in character. Parasternal heave was not felt and there were no thrills. First and second heart sounds were heard. There were no murmurs or added heart sounds. On examination of the chest, there was no deformity and chest expansion was equal on both sides. Percussion and tactile vocal fremitus was normal and equal on both sides. On auscultation, vesicular breath sounds were heard throughout all lung fields with good air entry. There was no wheezing or crepitations heard. On examination of the abdomen, it was soft and non-tender. There were no masses felt. Bowel sounds were heard and normal. 4) PROVISIONAL AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES WITH REASONING Provisional Diagnosis Acute myocardial infarction with underlying triple vessel ischemic heart disease and hypertension With a history of diagnosed triple vessel ischemic heart disease with multiple episodes of angina attacks since the initial diagnosis, it is highly likely that Mr. MS is presenting with an acute coronary event and this should be a priority until proven otherwise. This is evidenced by the presentation of central, crushing chest pain of sudden onset that radiated to the neck and associated with profuse sweating and body weakness which is classical of a myocardial infarction. Mr. MS will require immediate investigations such as an electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes to differentiate the acute coronary syndromes so that the appropriate management may be instituted for him e.g. if he has an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), he will require myocardium-saving thrombolytic therapy to disrupt the ischemic event. As Mr. MS did not present with features such as acute shortness of breath, loss of consciousness and severe palpitations, it seems that he does not have complicati ons of acute myocardial infarction but these developments should be watched out for throughout his admission as complications may arise later. Differential Diagnosis Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism is a possibility that can be considered when a patient presents with an acute chest pain that is accompanied by shortness of breath, hemoptysis, tachypnea, fever and even cyanosis and collapse in severe cases. Furthermore, the chest pain is of a pleuritic nature, of which it is worsened on breathing, and a pleural rub can be heard on auscultation of the chest. However, Mr. MS did not present in such a way. At the same time, Mr. MS did not have risk factors such as a deep vein thrombosis, prolonged immobilization or recent surgery. It is still highly likely that Mr. MS has suffered an acute myocardial infarction, and an ECG would help to differentiate between the two as pulmonary embolism might show the classic S1Q3T3 pattern of right axis deviation or right bundle branch block. Either way, the diagnosis should be made quickly so treatment may be instituted before his condition becomes worse or complications develop. Aortic dissection Aortic dissection presents as an acute onset chest pain that is tearing in nature, and often radiates to the back. It is often confused with myocardial infarction due to its presentation but differences include the lack of profuse sweating, signs of heart pump dysfunction and a normal ECG. Risk factors are usually uncontrolled hypertension, connective tissue disorders or chest trauma. Mr. MS has hypertension, but is under control, and does not have the other risk factors. A diagnosis of myocardial infarction should be the priority as thrombolytic therapy is vital, but if there is any reason to doubt that diagnosis, then further investigations should be performed. 5) IDENTIFY AND PRIORITISE THE PROBLEMS 1. Acute chest pain Mr. MS has acute chest pain with features very suggestive of a classical picture of myocardial infarction as he presents with crushing central chest pain that radiates to the neck and associated with profuse sweating and weakness. Given that he is known to have triple vessel ischemic heart disease and that he has suffered many angina attacks since his initial diagnosis, it is highly likely that he is having an acute myocardial infarction. Without further a due, he needs an electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac enzymes tested to distinguish between the different acute coronary syndromes so that the appropriate treatment protocols may be initiated for him as soon as possible to disrupt the ongoing ischemia. As Mr. MS is having severe chest pain that may overstimulate his sympathetic system and cause further ischemia, he will require immediate supportive therapy such as effective pain medication and oxygen therapy. 2. Triple vessel ischemic heart disease awaiting CABG Mr. MS was diagnosed with triple vessel ischemic heart disease when he first presented with chest pain in March 2010 and has since experienced many episodes of angina. Given his diagnosis and disease pattern, he is at a very high risk of developing a severe acute coronary event that may prove fatal if the infarction is too extensive or if complications develop. As percutaneous revascularization with a stent or balloon was not possible for him, he will require a CABG to both relieve his symptoms and reduce his mortality risks in the long term. He was unsure of going ahead with the operation previously, therefore no appointment date was given for surgery. However, now that he has changed his mind, every effort should be made by both the doctors in charge of him here in Hospital Batu Pahat and in the cardiology unit of Hospital Sultanah Aminah to arrange for his surgery as soon as possible, given the circumstances of his condition. 3. Compliance to medication Mr. MS is on several medications for his triple vessel ischemic heart disease and will require revascularization surgery soon in order to decrease his mortality risks. However, waiting for a CABG in the government setting may take some time, even under dire circumstances due to the nature of the system. Therefore, it is extremely crucial that Mr. MS is compliant to his medication regime while awaiting a CABG to prevent another episode of infarction. He should be counseled to fully understand this and the situation of his ischemic heart disease. It is also the responsibility of his doctors to ensure that he is taking the right combination of medications with the aim to prevent another acute cardiac event. Meanwhile, a sufficient supply of sublingual GTN should be provided for Mr. MS in cases of angina attacks at home. He should come to the hospital immediately if GTN fails to relieve his symptoms. 4. Regular screening for comorbid diseases Mr. MS has not been diagnosed with diabetes or hyperlipidemia previously but these diseases are strong risk factors for the long term implications of his ischemic heart disease. Therefore, Mr. MS should be screened regularly e.g. twice yearly during his follow-up appointments. Early detection of diabetes is necessary so that treatment can start as soon as detected in order to prevent his ischemic heart disease from becoming worst than it already is. As for his lipid control, if his lipid profile is found to be outside the normal limits, the dosage of his medication can be increased as necessary. Following his CABG, he will need to maintain a healthy lifestyle of a good, well-balanced, low-salt and low-fat diet and regular exercise within his limits. 6) PLAN OF INVESTIGATION, JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF TESTS OR PROCEDURES, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) To look for any changes that may indicate an ongoing ischemic event, such as ST elevation or depression and T wave inversion in order to support the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction so appropriate treatment can be started. Differentiation of ST segment elevation or depression is also crucial in initiating treatment as thrombolytic therapy is only indicated for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Results: ECG on admission (2 hours after onset) shows sinus rhythm with ST depression at leads I, aVL, V3 V6 with left axis deviation. T wave was present and normal. Interpretation: The ST depression in the leads above indicate an ischemic event at the anterolateral sections of the heart. The lack of ST elevation concludes a diagnosis of either unstable angina or NSTEMI, depending on the levels of cardiac enzymes. There is no sign of old infarction. 2. Cardiac Enzymes To look for elevated levels of cardiac enzymes such as troponin T, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST) that will indicate myocardium ischemia and necrosis. If elevated, a diagnosis of NSTEMI can be made in accordance with the ECG changes. However, cardiac enzymes when done too early after onset may not show any rise in levels 1. This does not mean that necrosis has not taken place and the test should be repeated once more at 6 hours after onset 1. Results: Troponin T (4 hours after onset) 2.75ng/ml ↑ (12 hours after onset) (60 hours after onset) Normal Range (U/L) CK 997 ↑ 263 ↑

Planning for a Terrorist Emergency :: essays research papers

Preparing for a disaster at American Universities and Colleges has changed dramatically. Prior to September 11th higher education institutions merely planned for natural disasters. American soil in no longer as safe as it once was. In addition to preparing for tornados, preparing for hurricanes, preparing for earthquakes, and preparing for fires there is need to prepare for a terrorist attack. A natural disaster is an event of nature that takes human lives or destroys property. In contrast, a terrorist attack is a man-made event that takes human lives and destroys property. Terrorist attacks appear in many forms biological terrorism, chemical terrorism, explosive terrorism, nuclear terrorism, and radiation terrorism. Data gathered from FEMA confirmed that the majority of terrorist attacks were explosive. In 2002 there were a total of 199 international terrorist attacks against buildings. Out the 199, 70% of the attacks were bombings (Brown & Lowe 1-16). Since actions taken to plan for explosive attacks are similar to preparing and planning for other types of attacks, explosive attack recommendations and supplies would be sufficient to handle such emergencies. Knoy Hall on the well-regarded campus of Purdue University is emergency planning for a terrorist attack. There are many variable involved that make emergency planning for an explosive attack difficult, including the number of individuals in or around the targeted structure and the tactics used by terrorists to implement an explosive attack. The different approaches to planning will be discussed in depth later in the report. Following the implementation of the recommendations in this report Knoy Hall will be prepared for an explosive attack. Brief Overview Research by U.S. Home Land Security and FEMA has revealed that it’s possible to implement an effective plan for a terrorist based emergency. Several avenues were researched to better prepare for the emergency. The course of action that is selected must be well thought out. Instead of preparing the entire campus, the emergency plan is for the school of technology building, Knoy Hall. There are a large number of students, a large number of Purdue faculty members, and a large number of staff that utilize Knoy Hall. Campus police and fire department may not have ample supplies to handle a large scaled attack. Therefore a number of tasks have to be completed to prepare Knoy Hall for a terrorist attack. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplies must be purchased and stored. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A storage facility for emergency items must be purchased and constructed. Planning for a Terrorist Emergency :: essays research papers Preparing for a disaster at American Universities and Colleges has changed dramatically. Prior to September 11th higher education institutions merely planned for natural disasters. American soil in no longer as safe as it once was. In addition to preparing for tornados, preparing for hurricanes, preparing for earthquakes, and preparing for fires there is need to prepare for a terrorist attack. A natural disaster is an event of nature that takes human lives or destroys property. In contrast, a terrorist attack is a man-made event that takes human lives and destroys property. Terrorist attacks appear in many forms biological terrorism, chemical terrorism, explosive terrorism, nuclear terrorism, and radiation terrorism. Data gathered from FEMA confirmed that the majority of terrorist attacks were explosive. In 2002 there were a total of 199 international terrorist attacks against buildings. Out the 199, 70% of the attacks were bombings (Brown & Lowe 1-16). Since actions taken to plan for explosive attacks are similar to preparing and planning for other types of attacks, explosive attack recommendations and supplies would be sufficient to handle such emergencies. Knoy Hall on the well-regarded campus of Purdue University is emergency planning for a terrorist attack. There are many variable involved that make emergency planning for an explosive attack difficult, including the number of individuals in or around the targeted structure and the tactics used by terrorists to implement an explosive attack. The different approaches to planning will be discussed in depth later in the report. Following the implementation of the recommendations in this report Knoy Hall will be prepared for an explosive attack. Brief Overview Research by U.S. Home Land Security and FEMA has revealed that it’s possible to implement an effective plan for a terrorist based emergency. Several avenues were researched to better prepare for the emergency. The course of action that is selected must be well thought out. Instead of preparing the entire campus, the emergency plan is for the school of technology building, Knoy Hall. There are a large number of students, a large number of Purdue faculty members, and a large number of staff that utilize Knoy Hall. Campus police and fire department may not have ample supplies to handle a large scaled attack. Therefore a number of tasks have to be completed to prepare Knoy Hall for a terrorist attack. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplies must be purchased and stored. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A storage facility for emergency items must be purchased and constructed.